apf_portal/docs/decisions/0026-person-user-portal-data-model.md

---
status: accepted
date: 2026-05-24
decision-makers: R&D Lead
tags: [data, backend, security]
---

# `Person` golden record + `User` portal-account — portal-side identity model

## Context and Problem Statement

[ADR-0025](0025-authorization-model-privileges-roles-scopes.md) shipped the authorization model — three orthogonal axes (privileges × functional roles × scopes) — but left two identity anchors as proposed-follow-up. In v1 those anchors are stubbed:

- `Principal.user.id` and `Principal.user.personId` are populated with the Entra `oid` as a placeholder, because no portal-side identity record exists yet (see [ADR-0025 §"Principal shape"](0025-authorization-model-privileges-roles-scopes.md) and the BFF builder at `apps/portal-bff/src/auth/principal-builder.ts`).
- `ScopeResolver` returns `[{ kind: 'unrestricted' }]` for every signed-in user (see `StubScopeResolver` and [ADR-0025 §"Sources of truth — apf_portal-side `user_scopes` table"](0025-authorization-model-privileges-roles-scopes.md)). The intended per-persona scopes documented in `notes/test-tenant-role-assignments.md` have nowhere to live.

The portal also needs a representation of **people who are not yet portal users**. APF France handicap touches three populations with very different relationships to the portal:

1. **Workforce** (salariés on payroll) — almost certainly portal users; their identity, employment status, and current assignment come from Pléiades (the HR system).
2. **Governance** (élus du CA national + élus des CD départementaux) — many will be portal users; their identity, mandate type, and mandate scope come from Acteurs+ (the governance system).
3. **Bénévoles + adhérents + bénéficiaires** — most will not be portal users; their identity lands in the portal via the membership / dossier flows.

A naive "User table = anyone who ever signed in" model collapses these three populations into one bucket and loses two capabilities the portal needs from day one:

- **Pré-provisioning** — a structure director must be able to assign a scope to a salarié before the salarié first signs in. The salarié needs a portal-side identity that pre-exists their first OIDC callback.
- **Person-without-User** — a dossier is held by a bénéficiaire who may never sign in. The dossier still needs to reference a stable Person identifier; later, if the bénéficiaire signs up to portal-facing services, an account is overlaid on top of the existing Person record.

This ADR specifies the portal-side **identity** model. The organisational hierarchy that `@RequireScope` dereferences (`Region`, `Delegation`, `Structure`) is the sibling concern of [ADR-0027](#), kept on a separate timeline because the source-of-truth audit (cascade + acteurs_plus) reshaped that model after ADR-0026 was first drafted. The upstream **sync** of Person rows from Pléiades / Acteurs+ — together with the **facet shapes** (Salarié, Élu, Adhérent, Bénéficiaire) that attach to a Person — is [ADR-0029](#)'s territory.

ADR-0026's scope: the three core tables `Person`, `User`, `UserScope`.

## Decision Drivers

- **`Principal.user.personId` must point at a real, stable identifier** — guards consuming `self`-scoped resources compare against it, and the AI service uses it (hashed) for audit-log joining per [ADR-0024](0024-ai-service-relay-grpc-sse-bridge.md).
- **Person-without-User** must be a valid state — Pléiades pre-provisioning, dossier beneficiaries, alumni.
- **No premature normalisation of facets.** Salarié / Élu / Adhérent / Bénéficiaire schemas track their upstream system; specifying them before the sync ADR ([ADR-0029](#)) lands invites churn. Mark them as deferred and keep ADR-0026 narrow.
- **Lazy User creation on first sign-in** — the OIDC callback creates the `User` row the first time it sees a new Entra `oid`. This avoids a Pléiades-side dependency before any sign-in works; Pléiades-driven pre-provisioning lands with ADR-0029 and updates the lookup path, not the schema.
- **Safe-by-default dedup.** `entraOid` is the only natural key the v1 provisioner trusts. Email is an attribute, not an identifier — see "Lifecycle" below for why.
- **No PII outside the boundary it belongs in.** `Person.firstName` / `lastName` are PII — they need the same redaction / hashing posture as the audit-log salt ([ADR-0013](0013-audit-trail-separated-postgres-append-only.md)).

## Considered Options

- **Option A — `User`-only, no `Person`.** A single table for "anyone who ever signed in". Dossiers reference `userId` directly. Bénéficiaires who never sign in have no row at all.
- **Option B — `Person` golden record + `User` portal-account overlay (chosen).** Two tables, one-to-zero-or-one relationship. `Person` is the stable identity; `User` is the portal-access overlay that exists when (and only when) someone has portal access.
- **Option C — `Person` lives in Entra (no portal-side row).** Use Entra's user object as the golden record; portal stores only deltas (scopes, etc.).
- **Option D — `Person` + per-relationship junction (Salarié-of-structure-X, Élu-of-CD-Y, …) embedded directly in `Person`.** Single table with discriminator columns for every facet.

## Decision Outcome

Chosen option: **B — `Person` golden record + `User` portal-account overlay**, because it is the only option that:

1. lets a Person exist before they ever sign in (workforce pre-provisioning, dossier beneficiaries);
2. lets a User row carry portal-only state (`lastSignInAt`, future audit-flagging, future user-preferences in [ADR-0016](0016-accessibility-baseline-wcag-aa-targeted-aaa.md)) without polluting the Person record that Pléiades / Acteurs+ owns;
3. matches the existing intuition in ADR-0025's `Principal.user.{id, personId}` shape: the two ids exist because the two concerns are distinct.

### Schema

```prisma
model Person {
  id          String   @id @default(uuid())
  // Identity. firstName + lastName are PII; treat per ADR-0013's redact rules.
  firstName   String
  lastName    String
  // Primary contact email. Indexed for operator-driven lookup (admin UI
  // search, ADR-0029 reconciliation flow), NOT unique — two distinct
  // humans genuinely can share an email (shared family alias, generic
  // info@ mailbox at a small partner organisation, error in an upstream
  // feed). A unique constraint would crash the first Pléiades import
  // that surfaces such a pair.
  email       String?
  // Provenance: which upstream owns the row. v1: 'self-signin'
  // (lazy-created at OIDC callback), 'admin-ui' (manually entered
  // by an admin before first sign-in), 'seed' (test-tenant
  // provisioning). ADR-0029 will add 'pleiades' and 'acteurs-plus'.
  // The field is a free-form string in v1; promoting to an enum is
  // an ADR-0029 decision once the sync sources are concrete.
  source      String
  // Upstream-system identifier (Pléiades matricule, Acteurs+ id).
  // Nullable because v1 sources do not provide one.
  externalId  String?
  createdAt   DateTime @default(now())
  updatedAt   DateTime @updatedAt

  user        User?

  @@index([source])
  @@index([externalId])
  @@index([email])
}

model User {
  id            String    @id @default(uuid())
  personId      String    @unique
  person        Person    @relation(fields: [personId], references: [id])
  // Entra object id. Stable per-tenant; unique because two
  // separate Person + User pairs cannot share an Entra identity.
  entraOid      String    @unique
  // Entra tenant id. Stored alongside the oid so a future
  // dual-audience activation (ADR-0008) can disambiguate.
  tenantId      String
  // Surfaced in the /admin/users list per ADR-0020. Refreshed by
  // the SessionEstablisher (apps/portal-bff/src/auth/session-establisher.service.ts).
  lastSignInAt  DateTime?
  createdAt     DateTime  @default(now())
  updatedAt     DateTime  @updatedAt

  scopes        UserScope[]

  @@index([entraOid])
}

model UserScope {
  id          String    @id @default(uuid())
  userId      String
  user        User      @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id], onDelete: Cascade)
  // Discriminator — one of the six ADR-0025 scope kinds.
  kind        String
  // Per-kind payload — semantics owned by ADR-0027. For 'etablissement'
  // the value is a Structure.code (string); for 'delegation' it is a
  // Delegation.code; for 'region' it is a Region.code. Empty string for
  // 'self' / 'siege' / 'unrestricted' (the unique constraint below
  // tolerates empty strings).
  value       String    @default("")
  // Provenance, same posture as Person.source. v1: 'admin-ui' or
  // 'seed'. ADR-0029 adds 'pleiades' / 'acteurs-plus' and the
  // reconciliation rules between admin overrides and upstream data.
  source      String
  createdAt   DateTime  @default(now())
  // When non-null and past, the row is ignored at sign-in.
  // Supports interim-director-for-two-months patterns and admin
  // UI scope revocations.
  expiresAt   DateTime?

  @@unique([userId, kind, value])
  @@index([userId])
}
```

`UserScope.value` references the codes defined in [ADR-0027](#) (`Structure.code`, `Delegation.code`, `Region.code`) but stores them as opaque strings — no foreign-key from `UserScope` to those tables. Rationale: a scope can outlive its target (a structure decommissioned mid-quarter still has historical UserScope rows referencing its code, useful for the audit log). The admin UI surface that creates UserScope rows validates the code against ADR-0027's tables at write time; the runtime guard does the same dereference at sign-in.

### Lifecycle — Person + User creation

**v1 (this ADR's implementation PR):**

```
   ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
   │   First sign-in for Entra oid X                          │
   │                                                          │
   │   1. SessionEstablisher.establish() callback             │
   │   2. PersonAndUserProvisioner.ensureUser({ oid: X, … })  │
   │      a. Look up User by entraOid                         │
   │         → if found: update lastSignInAt, return          │
   │         → if not found: create a fresh Person + linked   │
   │           User in one transaction.                        │
   │           Person.source = 'self-signin'                  │
   │           Person.firstName / lastName = split(Entra      │
   │             displayName) — best effort                   │
   │           Person.email = Entra preferred_username        │
   │   3. PrincipalBuilder.build() now sees a real Person     │
   │      and a real User; Principal.user.personId carries    │
   │      Person.id rather than the entraOid placeholder      │
   └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

**Why no email-based merging in v1.** Two distinct people genuinely can share an email (shared family alias, generic `info@` mailbox at a small partner organisation, error in an upstream feed). Auto-merging a fresh sign-in into an existing Person by email match would silently corrupt the golden record without surfacing a conflict. v1 takes the safe-by-default posture: `entraOid` is the only natural key the provisioner trusts; every other dedup happens on the explicit reconciliation flow that ships with ADR-0029.

**ADR-0029 (later).** Pléiades / Acteurs+ syncs create Person rows ahead of any sign-in. The provisioner's lookup path extends, in order:

1. by `Person.externalId` when the sign-in carries one (only when the federated identity exposes the upstream id, or when an admin has linked the two via the admin UI),
2. by an explicit operator-driven match flow on `Person.email` — surfacing the candidate match for confirmation rather than auto-merging,
3. fallback to creating a `source='self-signin'` Person — same as v1.

The schema does not change between the two regimes; only the provisioner's logic and the conflict-resolution UI extend.

### Scope resolution — `PrismaScopeResolver`

`StubScopeResolver` in v1 returns `[{ kind: 'unrestricted' }]`. After ADR-0026 lands:

```ts
@Injectable()
export class PrismaScopeResolver extends ScopeResolver {
  constructor(private readonly prisma: PrismaService) {
    super();
  }

  async resolve({ userId }: { userId: string }): Promise<ReadonlyArray<Scope>> {
    const rows = await this.prisma.userScope.findMany({
      where: {
        userId,
        OR: [{ expiresAt: null }, { expiresAt: { gt: new Date() } }],
      },
    });
    return rows.map(toScope);
  }
}
```

The signature `resolve({ userId })` differs from the current `resolve({ entraOid })` — the User UUID is the natural key once the schema exists. The PrincipalBuilder evolves to pass `userId` instead, which is fine because the provisioner above has just created / fetched it.

The full guard-side dereference path (`principalCoversResource` walking `Structure.delegationCode` → `Delegation.regionCode` → `Region`) requires ADR-0027's hierarchy to be live. PR sequencing reflects this — see "More Information" below.

### `Principal.user` post-implementation

The two placeholders called out at the top of this ADR resolve:

| Field              | Pre-ADR-0026        | Post-ADR-0026                                            |
| ------------------ | ------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- |
| `user.id`          | Entra `oid`         | `User.id` (portal UUID)                                  |
| `user.personId`    | Entra `oid`         | `Person.id` (portal UUID)                                |
| `user.entraOid`    | Entra `oid`         | unchanged                                                |
| `user.tenantId`    | Entra `tid`         | unchanged                                                |
| `user.displayName` | Entra `displayName` | unchanged (cached at sign-in; admins can override later) |

### What ADR-0026 ships vs adjacent ADRs

| Concern                                                                   | ADR-0026 (this)              | ADR-0027 (org hierarchy) | ADR-0029 (sync + facets) |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------- | ------------------------ | ------------------------ |
| `Person`, `User`, `UserScope` schema                                      | ✅                           | —                        | —                        |
| `Region`, `Delegation`, `Structure` schema                                | —                            | ✅                       | —                        |
| `Person.source = 'self-signin'` lazy creation                             | ✅                           | —                        | —                        |
| `Person.source = 'pleiades'` / `'acteurs-plus'`                           | as a documented future value | —                        | Sync implementation      |
| Salarié / Élu / Adhérent / Bénéficiaire facets                            | deferred                     | —                        | ✅                       |
| Reconciliation between admin-UI overrides and upstream-driven user_scopes | deferred                     | —                        | ✅                       |

The facet split was the main "tempting to ship now" item; deferring it keeps the schema migration small enough to land + roll back cleanly if the lazy-provisioner exposes a corner case.

### Consequences

- Good, because `Principal.user.personId` is finally a real, stable identifier — `@RequireScope({ kind: 'self' })` can compare against `Dossier.personId` end-to-end without "the entraOid happens to be the personId" gymnastics.
- Good, because Pléiades and Acteurs+ syncs (ADR-0029) drop into a known shape; their reconciliation logic (`externalId` precedence, operator-surfaced email-based candidates) extends the v1 provisioner rather than rewriting it.
- Good, because the admin UI scope-seeding flow (v1 manual entry per ADR-0025 §"Sources of truth — apf_portal-side `user_scopes` table") now has a target row to write against (`UserScope`).
- Bad, because lazy-create-at-sign-in produces a Person row with sparse fields (`firstName` / `lastName` from the Entra `displayName` split, no postal address, no phone). Acceptable for v1 since dossiers / RH consumers do not exist yet; reconciliation with Pléiades data at sync time fills the gaps.
- Bad, because a user who signs in once with an Entra account and later gets imported from Pléiades produces two Person rows (one `self-signin`, one `pleiades`) that look like the same human. ADR-0029 handles the merge as an operator-confirmed flow; v1 simply accepts the duplicate as the cost of safe-by-default dedup. The duplicate is observable (same email) and easy to surface, not hidden.
- Neutral, because `UserScope.value` is an opaque string with no FK to ADR-0027's hierarchy tables. The write path validates against those tables; runtime read tolerates stale codes. Stale entries do not crash sign-in — they fail the `principalCoversResource` check on the resource that no longer exists, which is the correct behaviour.

### Confirmation

- **Migration tests.** Prisma migration emits a SQL file; the `infra/local` dev stack runs it on fresh boot. Manual + a small `e2e` spec exercising the lazy-create path with a stubbed Entra response.
- **PrismaScopeResolver integration test.** Two personas signed in (one with a `kind='etablissement'` scope, one with `kind='unrestricted'`), scopes round-trip from DB → Principal → `principalCoversResource`. Requires ADR-0027's seeded hierarchy to give the etablissement-scoped persona a real `Structure.code` to point at.
- **`Person.source` enum-as-string is single-sourced.** A small constant array in `apps/portal-bff/src/users/person-source.ts` lists the legal values; the catalogue-drift gate ([ADR-0025 §"Confirmation"](0025-authorization-model-privileges-roles-scopes.md)) extends to assert every string written to `Person.source` is in the catalogue. Same posture as the `Privilege` / `FunctionalRole` catalogues.

## Pros and Cons of the Options

### Option B — `Person` golden record + `User` overlay (chosen)

- Good, because Person-without-User is a valid state — bénéficiaires + alumni + Pléiades pre-provisioning.
- Good, because portal-only fields (`lastSignInAt`, future a11y preferences, future audit flags) ride on `User`, not on the shared Person record that Pléiades may overwrite.
- Good, because the ADR-0025 stubs resolve naturally — `personId` ≠ `userId` reflects the two-concern split that was already designed in.
- Bad, because two tables means two queries on the OIDC callback hot path. Mitigation: a single Prisma `include` keeps it to one round trip.
- Neutral, because reconciling lazy-created Person rows with later Pléiades data needs a documented merge policy — that policy is ADR-0029's territory and is easier to design with this shape than with Option A.

### Option A — `User`-only

- Good, because one table is the smallest possible thing.
- Bad, because dossiers held by non-portal-user beneficiaries have nowhere to anchor — either a `Dossier.beneficiaryUserId` that violates the "User = signed-in user" invariant, or a denormalised string copy of the beneficiary's name (no golden record).
- Bad, because Pléiades pre-provisioning requires a User row to exist before any sign-in; that User would be a non-signed-in account, contradicting the table's name.
- Bad, because portal-only state (`lastSignInAt`) coexists with HR-owned data in a single table — Pléiades sync would overwrite portal-only fields unless the sync logic carefully avoids them.

### Option C — `Person` lives in Entra

- Good, because there is no portal-side identity drift to manage.
- Bad, because non-employees + non-elus do not exist in Entra (bénéficiaires, alumni, dossier-holders). They are by far the larger population.
- Bad, because Entra's storage of attributes is per-tenant and not designed for queryable golden records — listing every salarié in Bordeaux means walking the API, not SELECT.
- Bad, because the [ADR-0008](0008-identity-model-entra-workforce-dual-audience.md) dual-audience design anticipated External ID activation for non-workforce — that flips the audience but does not give bénéficiaires Entra identities by default.

### Option D — `Person` + embedded facet columns

- Good, because one less join when reading "the salarié record for Person X".
- Bad, because `Person.salarie_structure_id`, `Person.elu_mandat_type`, `Person.adherent_cotisation_status`, … each introduce a NULL column that 95% of rows leave unused — schema bloat without normalization gains.
- Bad, because Pléiades data shape evolves independently from Acteurs+ data shape; embedding both in `Person` means every Pléiades schema change touches the table Acteurs+ rows also live in. Separate facet tables ride their own sync's lifecycle.

## More Information

**Phasing.** This ADR is decision-only. Implementation is sequenced against [ADR-0027](#) because the PrismaScopeResolver test matrix needs real `Structure.code` / `Delegation.code` / `Region.code` rows:

1. **PR — Prisma schema + lazy provisioner.** `Person`, `User`, `UserScope` models; `PersonAndUserProvisioner` called from `SessionEstablisher`; `Person.source` constants + drift-gate extension; updated `PrincipalBuilder` to populate `Principal.user.{id, personId}` from the real rows. Independent of ADR-0027 — can ship in parallel.
2. **PR — `PrismaScopeResolver` + admin UI scope-seeding screen + test-tenant seed.** Replaces `StubScopeResolver` in the AuthModule. Seeds the 19 test personas' `user_scopes` rows per `notes/test-tenant-role-assignments.md`. Adds an `/admin/users/:id/scopes` admin-app screen for manual scope management. **Depends on ADR-0027 PR 1** — the seed references `Structure.code` values that must already exist in the database.

**Follow-up ADRs.**

- **[ADR-0027](#) — Portal-side organisational hierarchy.** `Region` / `Delegation` / `Structure` schema (Structure with kind discriminator + nullable FINESS / SIRET keys, cascade-aligned). Sibling to ADR-0026, shipped at the same cadence.
- **[ADR-0029](#) — Pléiades + Acteurs+ syncs + facet schemas.** Specifies how `Person` rows are populated from upstream, how facets attach (`Salarie`, `Adherent`, `Benevole`, `Elu`, `Beneficiaire`, `PartenaireExterne`), the reconciliation policy between sync-owned and admin-UI-owned fields, and how `user_scopes` is computed from facet relationships.
- **A future ADR — time-bound roles.** `UserScope.expiresAt` already exists; the corresponding facet-level mechanism (interim director for two months, treasurer mandate from 2026 to 2029) lands when the use case is concrete.