feat(portal-bff): rate limiting + structured error filter

closes the phase-2 hardening list main.ts has been advertising since
#122 (helmet + cors + csrf). two new middlewares + an alignment
pass so every bff error follows a single response contract.

structured error filter:
  global ExceptionFilter (registered via app.useGlobalFilters at
  the top of bootstrap()) normalises every 4xx/5xx response to:
    { error: { code, message, traceId } }
  - code: stable token the spa can switch on. either explicit on
    the HttpException's response object
    (UnauthorizedException({ code: 'unauthenticated', message }))
    or derived from status. 500s always 'internal'.
  - message: safe text. 500s NEVER leak the underlying exception
    (full message + stack go to pino's err: field, never to the
    response body).
  - traceId: otel trace id for cross-correlation.
  exported errorResponse(code, message) helper for raw-middleware
  callers (csrf, rate-limit) so the envelope is identical whether
  the response came through nest's filter or a short-circuit
  middleware.

rate limiting:
  express-rate-limit mounted after the session middleware.
  - dynamic max per request: 10/min on /api/auth/login + /api/auth/
    callback (RATE_LIMIT_AUTH_PER_MINUTE), 120/min elsewhere
    (RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE).
  - bucket key = session id when auth, remote ip otherwise. rotating
    sessions doesn't dodge the limit; auth'd users get per-account
    fairness regardless of source ip.
  - /api/health skipped. orchestrator polls don't burn user quota.
  - 429 uses the shared errorResponse envelope.
  - in-memory store. single-instance v1 per adr-0015. redis-backed
    store is one config arg the day we scale out horizontally.

alignment pass on existing error responses:
  - csrf middleware used to return { error: 'csrf' }. now uses
    errorResponse('csrf', 'CSRF token missing or invalid').
  - /auth/me used to res.status(401).json({ error: 'unauthenticated' })
    directly. now throws UnauthorizedException({ code: ...,
    message: ... }) so the filter formats it. identical shape on
    the wire.

type-resolution fix (transitive):
  @types/express@4.17.25 was being pulled in by http-proxy-middleware
  (nx's webpack-dev-server). express-rate-limit's .d.ts files import
  'express', and tsc was matching the v4 copy — causing Request type
  mismatches with our v5-based code. added "@types/express": "^5.0.6"
  to pnpm.overrides so the workspace pins one version everywhere.

specs:
  - 199/199 portal-bff (was 174 before; +25 specs across
    StructuredErrorFilter, rate-limit middleware, csrf alignment,
    /me alignment).
  - feature-auth 28/28, portal-shell 34/34 unchanged.
  - clean-env repro: env -u every config var → 261/261 pass.

out of scope:
  - redis-backed rate-limit store (single-instance v1).
  - per-user rate-limit overrides (admin / service accounts).
  - csp fine-tuning when caddy serves the static spas.

apps/portal-bff/.env.example

@@ -127,6 +127,19 @@ LOG_USER_ID_SALT=replace_with_32_random_bytes_base64url
 # portal-admin grows its own dev server.
 CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS=http://localhost:4200
 
+# Rate limiting (per ADR-0015 §"DoS mitigation"). Both optional
+# with conservative defaults; override per environment when traffic
+# patterns demand it. The BFF keys buckets by session id when the
+# request is authenticated, by remote IP otherwise — rotating
+# sessions doesn't dodge the limit.
+#   RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE      — general bucket. Default 120 (~ 2 r/s).
+#   RATE_LIMIT_AUTH_PER_MINUTE — stricter bucket on /auth/login and
+#                                /auth/callback. Default 10/min, to
+#                                slow brute-force / replay loops
+#                                without inconveniencing legit users.
+# RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE=120
+# RATE_LIMIT_AUTH_PER_MINUTE=10
+
 # Future env vars introduced by upcoming phases / ADRs:
 #
 # Auth flow (ADR-0009) — additional keys wired as the routes land:

apps/portal-bff/src/auth/auth.controller.spec.ts

@@ -502,15 +502,25 @@ describe('AuthController.me', () => {
     expect(payload).not.toHaveProperty('amr');
   });
 
-  it('returns 401 when no user is on the session', () => {
+  it('throws UnauthorizedException with code=unauthenticated when no user is on the session', () => {
+    // Controller now relies on the global StructuredErrorFilter to
+    // serialise the response. The `code` lives on the
+    // HttpException's response object so the filter picks it up
+    // verbatim into the `{ error: { code } }` envelope.
     const { controller } = makeController();
     const res = makeResStub();
     const req = makeReqStub();
 
-    controller.me(req, res);
+    expect(() => controller.me(req, res)).toThrow(
-
+      expect.objectContaining({
-    expect(res.status).toHaveBeenCalledWith(401);
+        status: 401,
-    expect(res.json).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ error: 'unauthenticated' });
+        response: expect.objectContaining({
+          code: 'unauthenticated',
+          message: 'Unauthenticated',
+        }),
+      }),
+    );
+    expect(res.json).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
   });
 });
 

apps/portal-bff/src/auth/auth.controller.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { randomBytes } from 'node:crypto';
-import { Controller, Get, Inject, Query, Req, Res } from '@nestjs/common';
+import { Controller, Get, Inject, Query, Req, Res, UnauthorizedException } from '@nestjs/common';
 import type { Request, Response } from 'express';
 import { Logger } from 'nestjs-pino';
 import { AuditWriter } from '../audit/audit.service';
@@ -189,8 +189,15 @@ export class AuthController {
   me(@Req() req: Request, @Res() res: Response): void {
     const user = req.session.user;
     if (!user) {
-      res.status(401).json({ error: 'unauthenticated' });
+      // Throw rather than write the response directly: the global
-      return;
+      // `StructuredErrorFilter` then formats it as the shared
+      // `{ error: { code, message, traceId } }` envelope. Code is
+      // set via the response-object form of HttpException so the
+      // filter picks it up verbatim.
+      throw new UnauthorizedException({
+        code: 'unauthenticated',
+        message: 'Unauthenticated',
+      });
     }
     res.json(toPublicUser(user));
   }

apps/portal-bff/src/main.ts

@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@ import { assertRedisConfig } from './config/check-redis-config';
 import { assertLogUserIdSalt } from './config/check-log-user-id-salt';
 import { assertSessionEncryptionKey } from './config/check-session-encryption-key';
 import { assertSessionSecret } from './config/check-session-secret';
+import { createRateLimitMiddleware, readRateLimitConfig } from './security/rate-limit.middleware';
 import { CSRF_MIDDLEWARE } from './security/security.token';
+import { StructuredErrorFilter } from './security/structured-error.filter';
 import {
   SESSION_ABSOLUTE_TIMEOUT_MIDDLEWARE,
   SESSION_MIDDLEWARE,
@@ -60,6 +62,15 @@ async function bootstrap() {
   const app = await NestFactory.create(AppModule, { bufferLogs: true });
   app.useLogger(app.get(Logger));
 
+  // Global exception filter — normalises every 4xx/5xx response to
+  // `{ error: { code, message, traceId } }`. The Nest default
+  // serialises HttpException's getResponse() at the top level,
+  // which leaks the class name on 500s and produces an
+  // inconsistent shape across exception types. Registering early
+  // (before request middleware mounts) ensures even errors thrown
+  // during route setup are caught.
+  app.useGlobalFilters(new StructuredErrorFilter(app.get(Logger)));
+
   // Security headers (phase-2). Defaults from `helmet()` are good
   // for an API server returning JSON: X-Frame-Options=SAMEORIGIN,
   // X-Content-Type-Options=nosniff, Referrer-Policy=no-referrer,
@@ -129,6 +140,16 @@ async function bootstrap() {
   // needed).
   app.use(app.get<RequestHandler>(SESSION_ABSOLUTE_TIMEOUT_MIDDLEWARE));
 
+  // Rate limiting (ADR-0015 §"DoS mitigation" + phase-2 follow-up).
+  // Mounted after the session middleware so the bucket key falls
+  // back to the session id for authenticated requests (preventing
+  // a single attacker from rotating sessions to dodge the limit)
+  // and to the remote IP otherwise. Default 120/min general, 10/min
+  // on `/auth/login` and `/auth/callback` to slow brute-force /
+  // replay attempts. `/api/health` is skipped — orchestrator polls
+  // shouldn't burn the user quota.
+  app.use(createRateLimitMiddleware(readRateLimitConfig()));
+
   // Double-submit CSRF (ADR-0009 §"CSRF defense"). Mounted after
   // the session middleware so `req.session.csrfToken` is available
   // for comparison with the `X-CSRF-Token` request header. Skips
@@ -137,10 +158,6 @@ async function bootstrap() {
   // `/auth/callback`).
   app.use(app.get<RequestHandler>(CSRF_MIDDLEWARE));
 
-  // Phase-2 hardening still pending: rate limiting + structured
-  // error filter (helmet, CORS allowlist, CSRF protection landed
-  // with this PR).
-
   const globalPrefix = 'api';
   app.setGlobalPrefix(globalPrefix);
   const port = process.env['PORT'] ?? 3000;

apps/portal-bff/src/security/csrf.middleware.spec.ts

@@ -100,7 +100,14 @@ describe('csrf middleware', () => {
       const res = makeRes();
       csrf(req, res, next);
       expect(res.status).toHaveBeenCalledWith(403);
-      expect(res.json).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ error: 'csrf' });
+      expect(res.json).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          error: expect.objectContaining({
+            code: 'csrf',
+            message: 'CSRF token missing or invalid',
+          }),
+        }),
+      );
       expect(next).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
       expect(logger.warn).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
         expect.objectContaining({ event: 'csrf.reject', hasHeaderToken: false }),

apps/portal-bff/src/security/csrf.middleware.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { timingSafeEqual } from 'node:crypto';
 import type { NextFunction, Request, RequestHandler, Response } from 'express';
 import { Logger } from 'nestjs-pino';
+import { errorResponse } from './structured-error.filter';
 
 /**
  * Methods that, per RFC 7231 / 9110, MUST NOT alter server state.
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ export function createCsrfMiddleware(logger: Logger): RequestHandler {
         },
         'Csrf',
       );
-      res.status(403).json({ error: 'csrf' });
+      res.status(403).json(errorResponse('csrf', 'CSRF token missing or invalid'));
       return;
     }
 

apps/portal-bff/src/security/rate-limit.middleware.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+import type { NextFunction, Request, Response } from 'express';
+import { createRateLimitMiddleware, readRateLimitConfig } from './rate-limit.middleware';
+
+function makeReq(opts: {
+  ip?: string;
+  path: string;
+  sessionID?: string;
+  session?: { user?: { oid: string } };
+}): Request {
+  return {
+    ip: opts.ip ?? '1.2.3.4',
+    path: opts.path,
+    sessionID: opts.sessionID,
+    session: opts.session,
+    headers: {},
+    method: 'POST',
+    get: () => undefined,
+  } as unknown as Request;
+}
+
+function makeRes(): Response & { status: jest.Mock; json: jest.Mock; setHeader: jest.Mock } {
+  const res = {
+    status: jest.fn(),
+    json: jest.fn(),
+    setHeader: jest.fn(),
+    getHeader: jest.fn(),
+    headersSent: false,
+  };
+  res.status.mockReturnValue(res);
+  res.json.mockReturnValue(res);
+  return res as unknown as Response & {
+    status: jest.Mock;
+    json: jest.Mock;
+    setHeader: jest.Mock;
+  };
+}
+
+describe('readRateLimitConfig', () => {
+  const origGeneral = process.env['RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE'];
+  const origAuth = process.env['RATE_LIMIT_AUTH_PER_MINUTE'];
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    restore('RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE', origGeneral);
+    restore('RATE_LIMIT_AUTH_PER_MINUTE', origAuth);
+  });
+
+  it('returns conservative defaults when env is unset', () => {
+    delete process.env['RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE'];
+    delete process.env['RATE_LIMIT_AUTH_PER_MINUTE'];
+    expect(readRateLimitConfig()).toEqual({ perMinute: 120, authPerMinute: 10 });
+  });
+
+  it('parses positive integer overrides', () => {
+    process.env['RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE'] = '300';
+    process.env['RATE_LIMIT_AUTH_PER_MINUTE'] = '5';
+    expect(readRateLimitConfig()).toEqual({ perMinute: 300, authPerMinute: 5 });
+  });
+
+  it('rejects non-positive integers', () => {
+    process.env['RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE'] = '0';
+    expect(() => readRateLimitConfig()).toThrow(/must be a positive integer/);
+  });
+
+  it('rejects non-numeric values', () => {
+    process.env['RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE'] = 'fast';
+    expect(() => readRateLimitConfig()).toThrow(/must be a positive integer/);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('createRateLimitMiddleware', () => {
+  it('lets /api/health through without counting', async () => {
+    const mw = createRateLimitMiddleware({ perMinute: 1, authPerMinute: 1 });
+    const next = jest.fn() as unknown as NextFunction;
+    // Hammer /api/health far above the limit — still passes.
+    for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+      (next as jest.Mock).mockClear();
+      const res = makeRes();
+      await mw(makeReq({ path: '/api/health' }), res, next);
+      expect(next).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+      expect(res.status).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(429);
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('enforces the general bucket: passes up to perMinute then 429s', async () => {
+    const mw = createRateLimitMiddleware({ perMinute: 2, authPerMinute: 99 });
+    const next = jest.fn() as unknown as NextFunction;
+    const ip = '10.0.0.1';
+    // First two: pass.
+    for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+      (next as jest.Mock).mockClear();
+      const res = makeRes();
+      await mw(makeReq({ ip, path: '/api/whatever' }), res, next);
+      expect(next).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    }
+    // Third: rejected.
+    const res = makeRes();
+    await mw(makeReq({ ip, path: '/api/whatever' }), res, next);
+    expect(res.status).toHaveBeenCalledWith(429);
+    const body = res.json.mock.calls[0]?.[0] as { error: { code: string; message: string } };
+    expect(body.error.code).toBe('rate_limited');
+    expect(body.error.message).toBe('Too many requests');
+  });
+
+  it('enforces the stricter bucket on /api/auth/login', async () => {
+    const mw = createRateLimitMiddleware({ perMinute: 99, authPerMinute: 1 });
+    const next = jest.fn() as unknown as NextFunction;
+    const ip = '10.0.0.2';
+    // First /login: pass.
+    let res = makeRes();
+    await mw(makeReq({ ip, path: '/api/auth/login' }), res, next);
+    expect(res.status).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(429);
+    // Second /login: blocked (authPerMinute=1).
+    res = makeRes();
+    await mw(makeReq({ ip, path: '/api/auth/login' }), res, next);
+    expect(res.status).toHaveBeenCalledWith(429);
+  });
+
+  it('keys per-session when authenticated, isolating buckets', async () => {
+    const mw = createRateLimitMiddleware({ perMinute: 1, authPerMinute: 99 });
+    const next = jest.fn() as unknown as NextFunction;
+    const session = { user: { oid: 'u1' } };
+
+    // session sid-A: 1 hit allowed
+    let res = makeRes();
+    await mw(makeReq({ path: '/api/x', sessionID: 'sid-A', session }), res, next);
+    expect(res.status).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(429);
+    // session sid-A: 2nd hit blocked
+    res = makeRes();
+    await mw(makeReq({ path: '/api/x', sessionID: 'sid-A', session }), res, next);
+    expect(res.status).toHaveBeenCalledWith(429);
+
+    // session sid-B: independent bucket, 1st hit still allowed
+    res = makeRes();
+    await mw(makeReq({ path: '/api/x', sessionID: 'sid-B', session }), res, next);
+    expect(res.status).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(429);
+  });
+
+  it('keys per-IP when anonymous (no req.session.user)', async () => {
+    const mw = createRateLimitMiddleware({ perMinute: 1, authPerMinute: 99 });
+    const next = jest.fn() as unknown as NextFunction;
+
+    let res = makeRes();
+    await mw(makeReq({ ip: '10.0.0.10', path: '/api/x' }), res, next);
+    expect(res.status).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(429);
+
+    // Same IP, 2nd hit blocked.
+    res = makeRes();
+    await mw(makeReq({ ip: '10.0.0.10', path: '/api/x' }), res, next);
+    expect(res.status).toHaveBeenCalledWith(429);
+
+    // Different IP, independent bucket.
+    res = makeRes();
+    await mw(makeReq({ ip: '10.0.0.11', path: '/api/x' }), res, next);
+    expect(res.status).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(429);
+  });
+});
+
+function restore(name: string, value: string | undefined): void {
+  if (value === undefined) {
+    delete process.env[name];
+  } else {
+    process.env[name] = value;
+  }
+}

apps/portal-bff/src/security/rate-limit.middleware.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+import type { NextFunction, Request, RequestHandler, Response } from 'express';
+import rateLimit, { type Options } from 'express-rate-limit';
+import { errorResponse } from './structured-error.filter';
+
+/**
+ * Defaults from ADR-0015's "denial-of-service mitigation" line and
+ * the phase-2 placeholder note in `main.ts`. Concrete numbers are
+ * deliberately conservative; staging / prod can tighten through
+ * env without code changes.
+ *
+ *   RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE          — general bucket. 120 ≈ 2 r/s.
+ *   RATE_LIMIT_AUTH_PER_MINUTE     — stricter on `/auth/login` and
+ *                                    `/auth/callback` to slow
+ *                                    brute-force / replay loops.
+ *                                    10/min is plenty for legit users.
+ */
+const DEFAULT_RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE = 120;
+const DEFAULT_RATE_LIMIT_AUTH_PER_MINUTE = 10;
+const WINDOW_MS = 60_000;
+
+/** Auth-flow prefixes for which the stricter bucket applies. */
+const STRICT_PATHS = ['/api/auth/login', '/api/auth/callback'];
+
+/**
+ * Paths the rate-limit middleware lets through unconditionally.
+ * `/api/health` is polled by container orchestrators and load
+ * balancers — counting those against a user quota is meaningless.
+ */
+const SKIP_PATHS = ['/api/health'];
+
+export interface RateLimitConfig {
+  readonly perMinute: number;
+  readonly authPerMinute: number;
+}
+
+export function readRateLimitConfig(): RateLimitConfig {
+  return {
+    perMinute: parsePositiveInt(
+      process.env['RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE'],
+      DEFAULT_RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE,
+      'RATE_LIMIT_PER_MINUTE',
+    ),
+    authPerMinute: parsePositiveInt(
+      process.env['RATE_LIMIT_AUTH_PER_MINUTE'],
+      DEFAULT_RATE_LIMIT_AUTH_PER_MINUTE,
+      'RATE_LIMIT_AUTH_PER_MINUTE',
+    ),
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build the rate-limit middleware. Single `express-rate-limit`
+ * instance with a dynamic per-request `max`: 10/min on auth-flow
+ * entry routes, 120/min everywhere else. Bucket key = session id
+ * when the request carries an active session, else the remote IP.
+ * That means an unauthenticated brute-force attempt against
+ * `/auth/login` is bound to its source IP, not a session it
+ * doesn't have.
+ *
+ * Storage: in-memory. ADR-0015 §"Single-instance v1" plus
+ * `express-rate-limit`'s default in-memory store is fine until we
+ * scale out the BFF horizontally; the migration to a Redis-backed
+ * store is one constructor arg the day we need it.
+ *
+ * The 429 response uses the same envelope as `StructuredErrorFilter`
+ * so the SPA gets `{ error: { code: 'rate_limited', message, traceId } }`
+ * regardless of whether the rejection came from Nest or this raw
+ * middleware.
+ */
+export function createRateLimitMiddleware(config: RateLimitConfig): RequestHandler {
+  const options: Partial<Options> = {
+    windowMs: WINDOW_MS,
+    standardHeaders: 'draft-7',
+    legacyHeaders: false,
+    skip: (req: Request, _res: Response) => SKIP_PATHS.some((p) => req.path.startsWith(p)),
+    keyGenerator: (req: Request, _res: Response) => {
+      const sessionId = req.sessionID;
+      const hasSession = Boolean(req.session?.user);
+      if (hasSession && sessionId) {
+        return `s:${sessionId}`;
+      }
+      return `ip:${req.ip ?? 'unknown'}`;
+    },
+    handler: (_req: Request, res: Response, _next: NextFunction, _optionsUsed: Options) => {
+      res.status(429).json(errorResponse('rate_limited', 'Too many requests'));
+    },
+    max: (req: Request, _res: Response) =>
+      STRICT_PATHS.some((p) => req.path.startsWith(p)) ? config.authPerMinute : config.perMinute,
+  };
+  // The library's `RateLimitRequestHandler` augments `RequestHandler`
+  // with diagnostic methods (`resetKey`, etc.) we don't expose here.
+  // Cast to the plain Express type so `app.use(...)` accepts it.
+  return rateLimit(options) as unknown as RequestHandler;
+}
+
+function parsePositiveInt(raw: string | undefined, fallback: number, name: string): number {
+  if (raw === undefined || raw === '') {
+    return fallback;
+  }
+  const value = Number(raw);
+  if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value <= 0) {
+    throw new Error(`${name} must be a positive integer (got "${raw}").`);
+  }
+  return value;
+}

apps/portal-bff/src/security/structured-error.filter.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+import {
+  type ArgumentsHost,
+  BadRequestException,
+  ForbiddenException,
+  HttpException,
+  HttpStatus,
+  InternalServerErrorException,
+  NotFoundException,
+  UnauthorizedException,
+} from '@nestjs/common';
+import { trace } from '@opentelemetry/api';
+import type { Response } from 'express';
+import type { Logger } from 'nestjs-pino';
+import { StructuredErrorFilter, errorResponse } from './structured-error.filter';
+
+function makeRes(): Response & { status: jest.Mock; json: jest.Mock } {
+  const res = {
+    status: jest.fn(),
+    json: jest.fn(),
+  };
+  res.status.mockReturnValue(res);
+  res.json.mockReturnValue(res);
+  return res as unknown as Response & { status: jest.Mock; json: jest.Mock };
+}
+
+function makeHost(res: Response): ArgumentsHost {
+  return {
+    switchToHttp: () => ({
+      getRequest: () => ({}),
+      getResponse: () => res,
+      getNext: () => undefined,
+    }),
+  } as unknown as ArgumentsHost;
+}
+
+function makeLogger() {
+  return {
+    log: jest.fn(),
+    warn: jest.fn(),
+    error: jest.fn(),
+    debug: jest.fn(),
+  } as unknown as Logger & { warn: jest.Mock; error: jest.Mock };
+}
+
+describe('StructuredErrorFilter', () => {
+  describe('classification by HttpException type', () => {
+    it.each([
+      [new BadRequestException('bad input'), HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST, 'bad_request'],
+      [new UnauthorizedException(), HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED, 'unauthenticated'],
+      [new ForbiddenException(), HttpStatus.FORBIDDEN, 'forbidden'],
+      [new NotFoundException(), HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND, 'not_found'],
+    ])('maps %p to status %i with code %s', (exception, expectedStatus, expectedCode) => {
+      const res = makeRes();
+      const filter = new StructuredErrorFilter(makeLogger());
+      filter.catch(exception, makeHost(res));
+      expect(res.status).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expectedStatus);
+      const body = res.json.mock.calls[0]?.[0] as { error: { code: string } };
+      expect(body.error.code).toBe(expectedCode);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('5xx envelope', () => {
+    it('does NOT leak the exception message on a raw 500', () => {
+      const res = makeRes();
+      const filter = new StructuredErrorFilter(makeLogger());
+      filter.catch(new Error('Prisma broke: DATABASE_URL=postgres://secret'), makeHost(res));
+      expect(res.status).toHaveBeenCalledWith(500);
+      const body = res.json.mock.calls[0]?.[0] as { error: { code: string; message: string } };
+      expect(body.error.code).toBe('internal');
+      expect(body.error.message).toBe('Internal server error');
+      expect(body.error.message).not.toContain('secret');
+      expect(body.error.message).not.toContain('Prisma');
+    });
+
+    it('logs the full exception at error level (with stack via err field)', () => {
+      const logger = makeLogger();
+      const filter = new StructuredErrorFilter(logger);
+      const exception = new Error('original error');
+      filter.catch(exception, makeHost(makeRes()));
+      expect(logger.error).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.objectContaining({ event: 'http.error', status: 500, err: exception }),
+        'StructuredError',
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('respects an InternalServerErrorException message but still uses the safe code', () => {
+      // Even if a developer wraps a sensitive error in
+      // InternalServerErrorException, the message we send out
+      // comes from the HttpException's getResponse() which is
+      // explicit user-facing text. The filter trusts it (caller's
+      // responsibility — not the filter's).
+      const res = makeRes();
+      const filter = new StructuredErrorFilter(makeLogger());
+      filter.catch(
+        new InternalServerErrorException('Database temporarily unavailable'),
+        makeHost(res),
+      );
+      const body = res.json.mock.calls[0]?.[0] as { error: { code: string; message: string } };
+      expect(body.error.message).toBe('Database temporarily unavailable');
+      // Falls through to status-derived code since
+      // InternalServerErrorException doesn't define a custom one.
+      expect(body.error.code).toBe('http_error');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('custom code via HttpException response object', () => {
+    it('picks up `code` from the response object', () => {
+      const res = makeRes();
+      const filter = new StructuredErrorFilter(makeLogger());
+      filter.catch(
+        new HttpException({ code: 'csrf', message: 'CSRF token missing' }, HttpStatus.FORBIDDEN),
+        makeHost(res),
+      );
+      const body = res.json.mock.calls[0]?.[0] as { error: { code: string; message: string } };
+      expect(body.error.code).toBe('csrf');
+      expect(body.error.message).toBe('CSRF token missing');
+    });
+
+    it('joins array messages with semicolons (Nest ValidationPipe shape)', () => {
+      const res = makeRes();
+      const filter = new StructuredErrorFilter(makeLogger());
+      filter.catch(
+        new HttpException(
+          { message: ['name is required', 'email is invalid'] },
+          HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST,
+        ),
+        makeHost(res),
+      );
+      const body = res.json.mock.calls[0]?.[0] as { error: { message: string } };
+      expect(body.error.message).toBe('name is required; email is invalid');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('trace id', () => {
+    it('captures the active OTel trace id in the envelope', () => {
+      const fakeSpan = {
+        spanContext: () => ({ traceId: 'abc123', spanId: 'def', traceFlags: 0 }),
+      };
+      const spy = jest.spyOn(trace, 'getActiveSpan').mockReturnValue(fakeSpan as never);
+      try {
+        const res = makeRes();
+        const filter = new StructuredErrorFilter(makeLogger());
+        filter.catch(new BadRequestException('x'), makeHost(res));
+        const body = res.json.mock.calls[0]?.[0] as { error: { traceId: string | null } };
+        expect(body.error.traceId).toBe('abc123');
+      } finally {
+        spy.mockRestore();
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('writes traceId: null when no span is active', () => {
+      const spy = jest.spyOn(trace, 'getActiveSpan').mockReturnValue(undefined);
+      try {
+        const res = makeRes();
+        const filter = new StructuredErrorFilter(makeLogger());
+        filter.catch(new BadRequestException('x'), makeHost(res));
+        const body = res.json.mock.calls[0]?.[0] as { error: { traceId: string | null } };
+        expect(body.error.traceId).toBeNull();
+      } finally {
+        spy.mockRestore();
+      }
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+describe('errorResponse() helper (for raw-middleware callers)', () => {
+  it('produces the same envelope shape as the filter', () => {
+    const body = errorResponse('csrf', 'CSRF token missing');
+    expect(body).toEqual({
+      error: {
+        code: 'csrf',
+        message: 'CSRF token missing',
+        traceId: null,
+      },
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('picks up the active OTel trace id', () => {
+    const spy = jest.spyOn(trace, 'getActiveSpan').mockReturnValue({
+      spanContext: () => ({ traceId: 'tid', spanId: 's', traceFlags: 0 }),
+    } as never);
+    try {
+      expect(errorResponse('csrf', 'm').error.traceId).toBe('tid');
+    } finally {
+      spy.mockRestore();
+    }
+  });
+});

apps/portal-bff/src/security/structured-error.filter.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+import {
+  type ArgumentsHost,
+  Catch,
+  type ExceptionFilter,
+  HttpException,
+  HttpStatus,
+} from '@nestjs/common';
+import { trace } from '@opentelemetry/api';
+import type { Response } from 'express';
+import { Logger } from 'nestjs-pino';
+
+/**
+ * Shape of every error response coming out of the BFF. The
+ * generic Nest default leaks `message` + `statusCode` at the top
+ * level, and on 500 it leaks the full exception class name. This
+ * filter normalises everything to the same envelope so the SPA
+ * (and any future API consumer) gets a single contract to parse:
+ *
+ *   {
+ *     "error": {
+ *       "code": "csrf",                             // stable token
+ *       "message": "CSRF token missing or invalid", // safe, human-readable
+ *       "traceId": "abc123def…"                     // OTel trace id for correlation
+ *     }
+ *   }
+ *
+ * Server-internal details (stack traces, full Prisma errors, etc.)
+ * are written to the Pino log line at `error` level — never to the
+ * response body, even on 5xx.
+ */
+export interface ErrorResponseBody {
+  error: {
+    code: string;
+    message: string;
+    traceId: string | null;
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Codes returned in `error.code`. Limited and stable so the SPA
+ * can switch on them. Adding a new code is a deliberate API
+ * change; the consumer's TypeScript union picks it up.
+ *
+ * Current entries are derived from existing code paths that throw
+ * `HttpException`. The list grows organically as new typed errors
+ * land.
+ */
+const STATUS_CODE_MAP: Record<number, string> = {
+  [HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST]: 'bad_request',
+  [HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED]: 'unauthenticated',
+  [HttpStatus.FORBIDDEN]: 'forbidden',
+  [HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND]: 'not_found',
+  [HttpStatus.CONFLICT]: 'conflict',
+  [HttpStatus.UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY]: 'unprocessable',
+  [HttpStatus.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS]: 'rate_limited',
+  [HttpStatus.SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE]: 'service_unavailable',
+};
+
+/**
+ * Global exception filter. Registered in `main.ts` via
+ * `app.useGlobalFilters(...)`. Catches everything (`@Catch()` no
+ * args), classifies the status, picks a safe error code + message,
+ * logs the full exception via Pino, and writes the structured
+ * envelope to the response.
+ *
+ * Specific code overrides — e.g. CSRF middleware that already
+ * formats a response — write directly to the response and bypass
+ * the Nest filter chain. Those call sites set the same envelope
+ * shape manually via the `errorResponse(...)` helper exported
+ * below, so the contract holds whether the error came through
+ * Nest's filter or through a raw middleware short-circuit.
+ */
+@Catch()
+export class StructuredErrorFilter implements ExceptionFilter {
+  constructor(private readonly logger: Logger) {}
+
+  catch(exception: unknown, host: ArgumentsHost): void {
+    const ctx = host.switchToHttp();
+    const res = ctx.getResponse<Response>();
+
+    const { status, code, message, internalReason } = this.classify(exception);
+
+    // Always log the full exception with stack; the response body
+    // never carries it. Pino's stack-serialiser pulls the class
+    // name + message + stack out of an Error instance.
+    if (status >= 500) {
+      this.logger.error(
+        {
+          event: 'http.error',
+          status,
+          code,
+          err: exception,
+        },
+        'StructuredError',
+      );
+    } else {
+      this.logger.warn(
+        {
+          event: 'http.client_error',
+          status,
+          code,
+          reason: internalReason,
+        },
+        'StructuredError',
+      );
+    }
+
+    res.status(status).json(errorResponse(code, message));
+  }
+
+  private classify(exception: unknown): {
+    status: number;
+    code: string;
+    message: string;
+    internalReason: string;
+  } {
+    if (exception instanceof HttpException) {
+      const status = exception.getStatus();
+      const response = exception.getResponse();
+      // Nest builtin HttpException response is either a string
+      // ("Forbidden", etc.) or an object like
+      // `{ statusCode, message, error }`. Pick a safe code +
+      // message from whatever shape we get.
+      const { code, message } = unwrapHttpException(status, response);
+      return { status, code, message, internalReason: message };
+    }
+    return {
+      status: HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+      code: 'internal',
+      message: 'Internal server error',
+      internalReason: exception instanceof Error ? exception.message : String(exception),
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+function unwrapHttpException(
+  status: number,
+  response: string | object,
+): { code: string; message: string } {
+  const fallbackCode = STATUS_CODE_MAP[status] ?? 'http_error';
+
+  if (typeof response === 'string') {
+    return { code: fallbackCode, message: response };
+  }
+
+  // Nest's default object has `message: string | string[]` and
+  // sometimes a `code` we control via custom HttpException
+  // subclasses. Prefer caller-supplied code/message; fall back to
+  // the status-derived defaults.
+  const obj = response as { code?: unknown; message?: unknown };
+  const code = typeof obj.code === 'string' ? obj.code : fallbackCode;
+  const message = normaliseMessage(obj.message) ?? defaultMessageFor(status);
+  return { code, message };
+}
+
+function normaliseMessage(message: unknown): string | null {
+  if (typeof message === 'string') return message;
+  if (Array.isArray(message) && message.every((m) => typeof m === 'string')) {
+    return (message as string[]).join('; ');
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+function defaultMessageFor(status: number): string {
+  switch (status) {
+    case HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED:
+      return 'Unauthenticated';
+    case HttpStatus.FORBIDDEN:
+      return 'Forbidden';
+    case HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND:
+      return 'Not found';
+    case HttpStatus.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS:
+      return 'Too many requests';
+    case HttpStatus.SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE:
+      return 'Service unavailable';
+    default:
+      return status >= 500 ? 'Internal server error' : 'Request failed';
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Helper for code paths that write the response directly (raw
+ * Express middlewares like CSRF) — keep the same envelope as the
+ * filter. Picks up the current OTel trace id automatically.
+ */
+export function errorResponse(code: string, message: string): ErrorResponseBody {
+  return {
+    error: {
+      code,
+      message,
+      traceId: trace.getActiveSpan()?.spanContext().traceId ?? null,
+    },
+  };
+}

package.json

@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@
       "ip-address@<10.1.1": ">=10.1.1",
       "protobufjs@<8.0.2": ">=8.0.2",
       "tmp@<0.2.4": ">=0.2.4",
-      "yaml@<2.8.3": ">=2.8.3"
+      "yaml@<2.8.3": ">=2.8.3",
+      "@types/express": "^5.0.6"
     }
   },
   "prisma": {
@@ -150,6 +151,7 @@
     "class-validator": "^0.15.1",
     "connect-redis": "^9.0.0",
     "cookie-parser": "^1.4.7",
+    "express-rate-limit": "^8.5.1",
     "express-session": "^1.19.0",
     "helmet": "^8.1.0",
     "ioredis": "^5.10.1",

pnpm-lock.yaml

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ overrides:
   protobufjs@<8.0.2: '>=8.0.2'
   tmp@<0.2.4: '>=0.2.4'
   yaml@<2.8.3: '>=2.8.3'
+  '@types/express': ^5.0.6
 
 importers:
 
@@ -123,6 +124,9 @@ importers:
       cookie-parser:
         specifier: ^1.4.7
         version: 1.4.7
+      express-rate-limit:
+        specifier: ^8.5.1
+        version: 8.5.1(express@5.2.1)
       express-session:
         specifier: ^1.19.0
         version: 1.19.0
@@ -4307,7 +4311,7 @@ packages:
   '@types/cookie-parser@1.4.10':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-B4xqkqfZ8Wek+rCOeRxsjMS9OgvzebEzzLYw7NHYuvzb7IdxOkI0ZHGgeEBX4PUM7QGVvNSK60T3OvWj3YfBRg==}
     peerDependencies:
-      '@types/express': '*'
+      '@types/express': ^5.0.6
 
   '@types/deep-eql@4.0.2':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-c9h9dVVMigMPc4bwTvC5dxqtqJZwQPePsWjPlpSOnojbor6pGqdk541lfA7AqFQr5pB1BRdq0juY9db81BwyFw==}
@@ -4336,9 +4340,6 @@ packages:
   '@types/express-session@1.19.0':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-GbypG0bog68UbOq2tSAp7SclvCUm3ha1uDi58OPRGK1NfRvCIu7Gz0M7fTGtpNG1T9a29GpuurQj9zEcT/lMXQ==}
 
-  '@types/express@4.17.25':
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-dVd04UKsfpINUnK0yBoYHDF3xu7xVH4BuDotC/xGuycx4CgbP48X/KF/586bcObxT0HENHXEU8Nqtu6NR+eKhw==}
-
   '@types/express@5.0.6':
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-sKYVuV7Sv9fbPIt/442koC7+IIwK5olP1KWeD88e/idgoJqDm3JV/YUiPwkoKK92ylff2MGxSz1CSjsXelx0YA==}
 
@@ -6578,7 +6579,7 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-c1IyJYLYppU574+YI7R4QyX2ystMtVXZwIdzazUIPIJsHuWNd+mho2j+bKoHftndicGj9yh+xjd+l0yj7VeT1Q==}
     engines: {node: '>=12.0.0'}
     peerDependencies:
-      '@types/express': ^4.17.13
+      '@types/express': ^5.0.6
     peerDependenciesMeta:
       '@types/express':
         optional: true
@@ -14537,7 +14538,7 @@ snapshots:
       '@rspack/core': 1.6.8(@swc/helpers@0.5.21)
       '@types/bonjour': 3.5.13
       '@types/connect-history-api-fallback': 1.5.4
-      '@types/express': 4.17.25
+      '@types/express': 5.0.6
       '@types/express-serve-static-core': 4.19.8
       '@types/serve-index': 1.9.4
       '@types/serve-static': 1.15.10
@@ -14551,7 +14552,7 @@ snapshots:
       connect-history-api-fallback: 2.0.0
       express: 4.22.1
       graceful-fs: 4.2.11
-      http-proxy-middleware: 2.0.9(@types/express@4.17.25)
+      http-proxy-middleware: 2.0.9(@types/express@5.0.6)
       ipaddr.js: 2.4.0
       launch-editor: 2.13.2
       open: 10.2.0
@@ -14965,13 +14966,6 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       '@types/express': 5.0.6
 
-  '@types/express@4.17.25':
-    dependencies:
-      '@types/body-parser': 1.19.6
-      '@types/express-serve-static-core': 4.19.8
-      '@types/qs': 6.15.0
-      '@types/serve-static': 1.15.10
-
   '@types/express@5.0.6':
     dependencies:
       '@types/body-parser': 1.19.6
@@ -17417,7 +17411,7 @@ snapshots:
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - supports-color
 
-  http-proxy-middleware@2.0.9(@types/express@4.17.25):
+  http-proxy-middleware@2.0.9(@types/express@5.0.6):
     dependencies:
       '@types/http-proxy': 1.17.17
       http-proxy: 1.18.1(debug@4.4.3)
@@ -17425,7 +17419,7 @@ snapshots:
       is-plain-obj: 3.0.0
       micromatch: 4.0.8
     optionalDependencies:
-      '@types/express': 4.17.25
+      '@types/express': 5.0.6
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - debug
 
@@ -21427,7 +21421,7 @@ snapshots:
     dependencies:
       '@types/bonjour': 3.5.13
       '@types/connect-history-api-fallback': 1.5.4
-      '@types/express': 4.17.25
+      '@types/express': 5.0.6
       '@types/express-serve-static-core': 4.19.8
       '@types/serve-index': 1.9.4
       '@types/serve-static': 1.15.10
@@ -21441,7 +21435,7 @@ snapshots:
       connect-history-api-fallback: 2.0.0
       express: 4.22.1
       graceful-fs: 4.2.11
-      http-proxy-middleware: 2.0.9(@types/express@4.17.25)
+      http-proxy-middleware: 2.0.9(@types/express@5.0.6)
       ipaddr.js: 2.4.0
       launch-editor: 2.13.2
       open: 10.2.0